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用Maxima學密碼學-橢圓曲線

用Maxima學密碼學-橢圓曲線

橢圓曲線加密請見連結介紹,本文僅就例2、例3以\(maxima\)示範計算過程。
第7章橢圓曲線密碼系統,https://math.pro/db/attachment.p ... 04&t=1565140250
例子2:在有限體\(F_{23}\)之下,取橢圓曲線\(E\):\(y^2=x^3+16x+10\)上的兩點\(P=(18,14)\)及\(Q=(5,10)\)。若\(P+Q=R=(x_3,y_3)\),則\(R=\)?
例子3:承例子2,若\(P+P=2P=R=(x_3,y_3)\),則\(R=\)?



y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p)
y^2=x^3+16x+10 (mod 23)的橢圓曲線

(%i1) [p,a,b]:[23,16,10];
(%o1) \(\left[ 23,16,10 \right]\)

橢圓曲線點相加
(%i2)
PointAdd(P,Q):=block
([lambda,num,denom,inv_denom,x3,y3],
if P=Q then
  (print("λ=(3*",x_1^2,"+a)/(2*",y_1,")=",
            "(3*",P[1],"^2+",a,")/(2*",P[2],")=",
            lambda: (3*P[1]^2+a)/(2*Q[2]))
  )
else if P[1]=Q[1] and P[2]#Q[2] then
  (print(" P,Q兩點x座標相同,相加結果為無窮遠點"),
   return([inf,inf])
  )
else
  (print("λ=(",y_2,"-",y_1,")/(",x_2,"-",x_1,")=",
            "(",Q[2],"-",P[2],")/(",Q[1],"-",P[1],")=",
            lambda: (P[2]-Q[2])/(P[1]-Q[1]))
  ),
num:num(lambda),/*分子*/
denom:denom(lambda),/*分母*/
print(1/denom,"=",inv_denom:inv_mod(denom,p),"(mod",p,")"),
print("λ=",lambda,"=",num,"*",inv_denom,"=",lambda:mod(num*inv_denom,p),"(mod",p,")"),
print(x_3,"=",λ^2,"-",x_1,"-",x_2,"=",lambda^2,"-",P[1],"-",Q[1],"=",
         x3:lambda^2-P[1]-Q[1],"=",x3:mod(x3,p),"(mod",p,")"),
print(y_3,"=",λ,"(",x_1,"-",x_3,")-",y_1,"=",lambda,"(",P[1],"-",x3,")-",P[2],"=",
         y3:lambda*(P[1]-x3)-P[2],"=",y3:mod(y3,p),"(mod",p,")"),
print("[",x_3,",",y_3,"]=",[x3,y3]),
return([x3,y3])
)$


P=(x1,y1)=(18,14)
Q=(x2,y2)=(5,10)

(%i4)
P:[18,14];
Q:[5,10];

(P) \(\left[18,14\right]\)
(Q) \(\left[5,14\right]\)

計算P+Q=R=(x3,y3)
(%i5) PointAdd(P,Q);
\(\displaystyle \lambda=(y_2-y_1)/(x_2-x_1)=(10-14)/(5-18)=\frac{4}{13}\)
\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{13}=16\pmod{23}\)
\(\displaystyle \lambda=\frac{4}{13}=4 \cdot 16=18\pmod{23}\)
\(x_3=\lambda^2-x_1-x_2=324-18-5=301=2\pmod{23}\)
\(y_3=\lambda(x_1-x_3)-y_1=18(18-2)-14=274=21\pmod{23}\)
\(\left[x_3,y_3\right]=\left[2,21\right]\)
(%o5) \(\left[2,21\right]\)

計算P+P=2P=R=(x3,y3)
(%i6) PointAdd(P,P);
\(\displaystyle \lambda=(3*x_1^2+a)/(2*y_1)=(3*18^2+16)/(2*14)=\frac{247}{7}\)
\(\displaystyle \frac{1}{7}=10\pmod{23}\)
\(\displaystyle \lambda=\frac{247}{7}=247 \cdot 10=9\pmod{23}\)
\(x_3=\lambda^2-x_1-x_2=81-18-18=45=22\pmod{23}\)
\(y_3=\lambda(x_1-x_3)-y_1=9(18-22)-14=-50=19\pmod{23}\)
\(\left[x_3,y_3\right]=\left[22,19\right]\)
(%o6) \(\left[22,19 \right]\)

TOP

例子1:有限體\(F_{23}\)之下,點\(P=(0,1)\)是橢圓曲線\(E\):\(y^2=x^3+12x+1\)的生成數。
P=(0, 1)
2P = (13, 13)
3P = (5, 5)
4P = (3, 15)
5P = (6, 17)
6P = (19, 2)
7P = (17, 9)
8P = (18, 0)
9P = (17, 14)
10P = (19, 21)
11P = (6, 6)
12P = (3, 8)
13P = (5, 18)
14P = (13, 10)
15P = (0, 22)




y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p)
y^2=x^3+12x+1 (mod 23)的橢圓曲線

(%i1) [p,a,b]:[23,12,1];
(%o1) \(\left[ 23,12,1 \right]\)

橢圓曲線點相加
(%i2)
PointAdd(P,Q):=block
([lambda,num,denom,inv_denom,x3,y3],
if P=Q then
  (lambda: (3*P[1]^2+a)/(2*Q[2])
  )
else if P[1]=Q[1] and P[2]#Q[2] then
  (print(" P,Q兩點x座標相同,相加結果為無窮遠點"),
   return([inf,inf])
  )
else
  (lambda: (P[2]-Q[2])/(P[1]-Q[1])
  ),
lambda:num(lambda)*inv_mod(denom(lambda),p),
x3:mod(lambda^2-P[1]-Q[1],p),
y3:mod(lambda*(P[1]-x3)-P[2],p),
return([x3,y3])
)$


生成數P=[0,1]
(%i3) P:[0,1];
(P) \(\left[0,1 \right]\)

計算P,2P,3P,...,15P,結果放在L
(%i6)
L:[P]$
for k:2 thru 15 do
  (L:append(L,[PointAdd(last(L),P)])
  )$
L;

(%o6) \([[0,1],[13,13],[5,5],[3,15],[6,17],[19,2],[17,9],[18,0],[17,14],[19,21],[6,6],[3,8],[5,18],[13,10],[0,22]]\)

P,2P,...,15P位置再加上標籤
(%i7) Label:create_list(append([concat(i,"P")],(L[ i ]+[1,0])),i,1,length(L));
(Label) \(\matrix{[[1P,1,1],[2P,14,13],[3P,6,5],[4P,4,15],[5P,7,17],[6P,20,2],[7P,18,9],[8P,19,0],\cr
[9P,18,14],[10P,20,21],[11P,7,6],[12P,4,8],[13P,6,18],[14P,14,10],[15P,1,22]]}\)

將P,2P,...,15P各點坐標畫出來
(%i8)
draw2d(user_preamble="set size square; set grid; set xtics 1; set ytics 1;",
              grid=true,
              point_type=filled_circle,
              points(L),
              apply(label,Label));

(%o8) \([gr2d(points,label)]\)

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前面兩篇文章利用\(maxima\)程式示範橢圓曲線加法(\(P+Q\))和兩倍(\(P+P\))的運算過程,以及藉由\(\pmod{p}\)將橢圓曲線上的每個點全部打散,讓橢圓曲線離散對數問題(\(ECDLP\))變得難以計算。
其實\(maxima\)已有內建的橢圓曲線程式庫,本篇文章將前面兩篇重新用內建橢圓曲線指令計算。


要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec_set_curve,ec_point_p,ec_add
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p)
y^2=x^3+16x+10 (mod 23)的橢圓曲線

(%i3)
[p,a,b] : [23,16,10];
ec_set_curve(p,a,b);

(%o2) \([23,16,10]\)
(%o3) \(true\)

P,Q兩點座標
(%i5)
P:[18,14];
Q:[5,10];

(P) \([18,14]\)
(Q) \([5,10]\)

檢查P,Q有沒有在橢圓曲線上
(%i7)
ec_point_p(P);
ec_point_p(Q);

(%o6) \(true\)
(%o7) \(true\)

計算P+Q
(%i8) ec_add(P,Q);
(%o8) \([2,21]\)

計算P+P
(%i9) ec_add(P,P);
(%o9) \([22,19]\)

----------------------
要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec_set_curve,ec_mult
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p)
y^2=x^3+12x+1 (mod 23)的橢圓曲線

(%i3)
[p,a,b]:[23,12,1];
ec_set_curve(p,a,b);

(%o2) \([23,12,1]\)
(%o3) \(true\)

生成數P=[0,1]
(%i4) P:[0,1];
(P) \([0,1]\)

用ec_mult(k,P)計算P,2P,3P,...,15P,結果放在L
(%i5) L:makelist(ec_mult(k,P),k,1,15);
(L) \([[0,1],[13,13],[5,5],[3,15],[6,17],[19,2],[17,9],[18,0],[17,14],[19,21],[6,6],[3,8],[5,18],[13,10],[0,22]]\)

P,2P,...,15P位置再加上標籤
(%i6) Label:create_list(append([concat(i,"P")],(L[ i ]+[1,0])),i,1,length(L));
(Label) \(\matrix{[[1P,1,1],[2P,14,13],[3P,6,5],[4P,4,15],[5P,7,17],[6P,20,2],[7P,18,9],[8P,19,0],\cr
[9P,18,14],[10P,20,21],[11P,7,6],[12P,4,8],[13P,6,18],[14P,14,10],[15P,1,22]]}\)

將P,2P,...,15P各點坐標畫出來
(%i7)
draw2d(user_preamble="set size square; set grid; set xtics 1; set ytics 1;",
              grid=true,
              point_type=filled_circle,
              points(L),
              apply(label,Label));

(%o7) \([gr2d(points,label)]\)

TOP

上一篇文章以\(y^2=x^3+12x+1 \pmod{23}\),\(P=[0,1]\)為生成數計算\(1P,2P,\ldots,15P\),再加上無窮遠點總共16個點。

想要知道有限體上橢圓曲線的點個數,直觀的方法是將\(x=0,1,\ldots,p-1\)代入橢圓曲線方程式\(y^2=x^3+ax+b \pmod{p}\),以\(jacobi\)符號判斷同餘方程式是否有\(y\)的解,將有\(y\)的解個數加起來就是答案。

關於\(jacobi\)符號請看\(wiki\)介紹
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E ... 4%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7

但橢圓曲線點個數計算不需要將各個\((x,y)\)點坐標算出來,是利用\(jacobi\)符號判斷是否為二次剩餘。
#\(\displaystyle E(F_{p})=p+1+\sum_{x=0}^{p-1} \left(\frac{x^3+ax+b}{p}\right)\),其中#\(E(F_p)\)為橢圓曲線點個數,\(\displaystyle \left( \frac{}{}\right)\)為\(jacobi\)符號
但這個方法很沒效率,更有效率的方法請看\(wiki\)介紹。
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counting_points_on_elliptic_curves

另外#\(E(F_p)=p+1-t\),\(t\)定義為\(Frobenius\) \(trace\),elliptic_curves.mac套件中指令為ec_trace()



要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec_set_curve和ec_trace指令
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

要先載入gf.mac才能呼叫msqrt指令(計算二次剩餘的根)
(%i2) load("gf.mac");
(%o2) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/gf/gf.mac

y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p)
y^2=x^3+12x+1 (mod 23)的橢圓曲線

(%i4)
[p,a,b]:[23,12,1];
ec_set_curve(p,a,b);

(%o3) \([23,12,1]\)
(%o4) true

以x=0,1,...,p-1計算橢圓曲線點個數
(%i5)
EllipticCurveOrder(p,a,b):=block
([count:0,yy,JacobiSymobl],
for x:0 thru p-1 do
  (print("當x=",x,"時,y"^2,"=",x,""^3,"+",a,"*",x,"+",b,"=",
            yy:x^3+a*x+b,"=",yy:mod(yy,p),"(mod ",p,")"),
   JacobiSymbol:jacobi(yy,p),/*判斷y^2=yy(mod p)是否有解*/
   if JacobiSymbol=0 then/*yy整除p時,有一解*/
     (count:count+1,
      print("(x,y)=(",x,",",0,")")
     )
   else if JacobiSymbol=1 then/*用msqrt()計算兩解的值*/
      (count:count+2,
        Msqrt:msqrt(yy,p),
        print("(x,y)=(",x,",",Msqrt[1],"),(",x,",",Msqrt[2],")")
       )
   else if JacobiSymbol=-1 then
      (print("無解"))
  ),
return(count+1)/*無窮遠點也算進來再+1*/
)$


計算橢圓曲線點個數
(%i6) EllipticCurveOrder(p,a,b);
當\(x=0\)時,\(y^2=0^3+12*0+1=1=1\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(0,1),(0,22)\)
當\(x=1\)時,\(y^2=1^3+12*1+1=14=14\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=2\)時,\(y^2=2^3+12*2+1=33=10\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=3\)時,\(y^2=3^3+12*3+1=64=18\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(3,15),(3,8)\)
當\(x=4\)時,\(y^2=4^3+12*4+1=113=21\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=5\)時,\(y^2=5^3+12*5+1=186=2\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(5,5),(5,18)\)
當\(x=6\)時,\(y^2=6^3+12*6+1=289=13\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(6,17),(6,6)\)
當\(x=7\)時,\(y^2=7^3+12*7+1=428=14\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=8\)時,\(y^2=8^3+12*8+1=609=11\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=9\)時,\(y^2=9^3+12*9+1=838=10\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=10\)時,\(y^2=10^3+12*10+1=1121=17\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=11\)時,\(y^2=11^3+12*11+1=1464=15\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=12\)時,\(y^2=12^3+12*12+1=1873=10\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=13\)時,\(y^2=13^3+12*13+1=2354=8\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(13,13),(13,10)\)
當\(x=14\)時,\(y^2=14^3+12*14+1=2913=15\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=15\)時,\(y^2=15^3+12*15+1=3556=14\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=16\)時,\(y^2=16^3+12*16+1=4289=11\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=17\)時,\(y^2=17^3+12*17+1=5118=12\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(17,14),(17,9)\)
當\(x=18\)時,\(y^2=18^3+12*18+1=6049=0\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(18,0)\)
當\(x=19\)時,\(y^2=19^3+12*19+1=7088=4\pmod{23}\)
\((x,y)=(19,2),(19,21)\)
當\(x=20\)時,\(y^2=20^3+12*20+1=8241=7\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=21\)時,\(y^2=21^3+12*21+1=9514=15\pmod{23}\)
無解
當\(x=22\)時,\(y^2=22^3+12*22+1=10913=11\pmod{23}\)
無解
(%o6) \(16\)

改用jacobi符號計算橢圓曲線點個數
(%i7) JacobiList:create_list(jacobi(x^3+a*x+b,p),x,0,p-1);
(JacobiList) \(\left[1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,-1,-1,-1,1,0,1,-1,-1,-1 \right]\)

jacobi結果全部相加
(%i8) apply("+",JacobiList);
(%o8) \(-8\)

橢圓曲線點個數
(%i9) p+1+%;
(%o9) \(16\)

利用ec_trace()指令直接得到trace值
(%i10) t:ec_trace();
(t) \(8\)

橢圓曲線點個數
(%i11) p+1-t;
(%o11) \(16\)

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橢圓曲線加密的安全性倚賴橢圓曲線離散對數問題(\(Elliptic\) \(Curve\) \(Discrete\) \(Logarithm\) \(Problem\),\(ECDLP\))的困難度上,橢圓曲線離散對數問題敘述如下:

令\(E\)為基於有限體\(F_p\)的橢圓曲線,\(P,Q\)為橢圓曲線上的點坐標(\(P,Q \in E(F_p)\))且\(Q=kP,k \in N\),當\(p\)很大時,計算\(k\)值非常困難。

解決橢圓曲線離散對數問題的方法會在另一篇文章討論,這裡僅示範暴力搜尋法找出\(k\)值。
elliptic_curves.mac套件中解橢圓曲線離散對數問題的指令為k:ec_log(P,Q);



要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec_set_curve,ec_add,ec_point_order,ec_log
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

y^2=x^3+ax+b (mod p)
y^2=x^3+12x+1 (mod 23)的橢圓曲線

(%i3)
[p,a,b]:[23,12,1];
ec_set_curve(p,a,b);

(%o2) \([23,12,1]\)
(%o3) ture

計算橢圓曲線點個數
(%i4) order:p+1-ec_trace();
(order) 16

生成數P=[0,1]
(%i5) P:[0,1];
(P) \([0,1]\)

計算P的階數n,每個點坐標有不同的階數,但都是橢圓曲線點個數的因數
例如:
P=[0,1],階數16,16P=無窮遠點
P=[13,13],階數8,8P=無窮遠點
P=[5,5],階數16,16P=無窮遠點
P=[3,15],階數4,4P=無窮遠點

(%i6) n:ec_point_order(P,order);
(n) 16

(%i7) Q:[17,14];
(Q) \([17,14]\)

計算2P,3P,...,kP,看何時等於Q
(%i9)
kP: P$
for k:2 thru n do
  (print(k," P=",kP:ec_add(P,kP)),
   if kP=Q then
      (return(k))
  );

\(2P=[13,13]\)
\(3P=[5,5]\)
\(4P=[3,15]\)
\(5P=[6,17]\)
\(6P=[19,2]\)
\(7P=[17,9]\)
\(8P=[18,0]\)
\(9P=[17,14]\)
(%o9) 9

直接呼叫ec_log計算k
(%i10) k:ec_log(P,Q);
(k) 9

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關於maxima的Galois體指令可以參考以下pdf檔
C:\maxima-5.43.0\share\maxima\5.43.0\share\contrib\gf\gf_manual.pdf



\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)的Galois體
(%i1) gf_set_data(2,4);
(%o1) Structure [GF-DATA]

\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)的Galois體相關訊息
(%i2) gf_info();
characteristic = 2
reduction polynomial = x^4+x+1
primitive element = x
nr of elements = 16
nr of units = 15
nr of primitive elements = 8
(%o2) false

\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)不可約多項式為\(x^4+x+1\),元素個數16個
(%i3) [p,ReductionPoly,g,n,m]:gf_infolist();
(%o3) \([2,x^4+x+1,x,16,15]\)

\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)各元素運算過程
(%i5)
gpower:1$
for i:1 thru n-1 do
  (printList:["g"^i,"=(",gpower,")*(",g,")=",gpower:expand(gpower*g)],
    for j:1 thru hipow(gpower,x) do
      (if coeff(gpower,x^j)>=2 then/*係數超過2,取2同餘*/
         (printList:append(printList,["=",gpower:polymod(gpower,2)]),
          return()
         )
      ),
    /*次方超過4次方,取x^4+x+1同餘*/
    if hipow(gpower,x)>=hipow(ReductionPoly,x) then
      (printList:append(printList,["=",gpower:gf_exp(g,i)])),
    apply(print,printList)
  )$

\(g=(1)*(x)=x\)
\(g^2=(x)*(x)=x^2\)
\(g^3=(x^2)*(x)=x^3\)
\(g^4=(x^3)*(x)=x^4=x+1\)
\(g^5=(x+1)*(x)=x^2+x\)
\(g^6=(x^2+x)*(x)=x^3+x^2\)
\(g^7=(x^3+x^2)*(x)=x^4+x^3=x^3+x+1\)
\(g^8=(x^3+x+1)*(x)=x^4+x^2+x=x^2+1\)
\(g^9=(x^2+1)*(x)=x^3+x\)
\(g^{10}=(x^3+x)*(x)=x^4+x^2=x^2+x+1\)
\(g^{11}=(x^2+x+1)*(x)=x^3+x^2+x\)
\(g^{12}=(x^3+x^2+x)*(x)=x^4+x^3+x^2=x^3+x^2+x+1\)
\(g^{13}=(x^3+x^2+x+1)*(x)=x^4+x^3+x^2+x=x^3+x^2+1\)
\(g^{14}=(x^3+x^2+1)*(x)=x^4+x^3+x=x^3+1\)
\(g^{15}=(x^3+1)*(x)=x^4+x=1\)

轉二進位副程式
(%i6)
bits(n) := block
([l :""],
while n # 0 do
  (l : concat(mod(n, 2),l),
   n : floor(n / 2)),
   return(l)
  )$


16個元素的多項式、二進位、十進位表示法
(%i7)
addrow(matrix(["次方","多項式","二進位","十進位"]),
             matrix(["g"^"0","0","0","0"]),
       genmatrix(lambda([i,j],base10:gf_p2n(gf_exp(g,i)),
                                     if j=1 then "g"^i
                             else if j=2 then gf_exp(g,i)
                             else if j=3 then bits(base10)
                             else if j=4 then base10),n-1,4));

(%o7)
\(\left[\matrix{次方&多項式&二進位&十進位\cr
g^0&0&0&0\cr
g&x&10&2\cr
g^2&x^2&100&4\cr
g^3&x^3&1000&8\cr
g^4&x+1&11&3\cr
g^5&x^2+x&110&6\cr
g^6&x^3+x^2&1100&12\cr
g^7&x^3+x+1&1011&11\cr
g^8&x^2+1&101&5\cr
g^9&x^3+x&1010&10\cr
g^{10}&x^2+x+1&111&7\cr
g^{11}&x^3+x^2+x&1110&14\cr
g^{12}&x^3+x^2+x+1&1111&15\cr
g^{13}&x^3+x^2+1&1101&13\cr
g^{14}&x^3+1&1001&9\cr
g^{15}&1&1&1}\right]\)

兩元素a,b
(%i9)
a:x^3+x;
b:x^3+x^2+1;

(a) \(x^3+x\)
(b) \(x^3+x^2+1\)

相加
(%i10) print("g"^gf_index(a),"+g"^gf_index(b),"=(",a,")+(",b,")=",a+b,"=",add:polymod(a+b,2),"=g"^gf_index(add))$
\(g^9+g^{13}=(x^3+x)+(x^3+x^2+1)=2x^3+x^2+x+1=x^2+x+1=g^{10}\)

相加指令為gf_add()
(%i11) gf_add(a,b);
(%o11) \(x^2+x+1\)

相減
(%i12) print("g"^gf_index(a),"-g"^gf_index(b),"=(",a,")-(",b,")=",a-b,"=",sub:polymod(a-b,2),"=g"^gf_index(sub))$
\(g^9-g^{13}=(x^3+x)-(x^3+x^2+1)=-x^2+x-1=x^2+x+1=g^{10}\)

相減指令為gf_sub()
(%i13) gf_sub(a,b);
(%o13) \(x^2+x+1\)

相乘
(%i14)
print("g"^gf_index(a),"*g"^gf_index(b),"=(",a,")*(",b,")=",expand(a*b),"=",
        mult:polymod(remainder(a*b,ReductionPoly),2),"=g"^gf_index(mult))$

\(g^9*g^{13}=(x^3+x)*(x^3+x^2+1)=x^6+x^5+x^4+2x^3+x=x^3+x+1=g^7\)

相乘指令為gf_mult()
(%i15) gf_mult(a,b);
(%o15) \(x^3+x+1\)

反元素
(%i16) print("1/g"^gf_index(b),"=",1/b,"=",inv_b:gf_inv(b),"=g"^gf_index(inv_b))$
\(\displaystyle 1/g^{13}=\frac{1}{x^3+x^2+1}=x^2=g^2\)

反元素指令為gf_inv()
(%i17) gf_inv(b);
(%o17) \(x^2\)

相除
(%i18)
print("g"^gf_index(a),"/g"^gf_index(b),"=",a/b,"=(",a,")*(",inv_b:gf_inv(b),")=",
        expand(a*inv_b),"=",div:polymod(remainder(a*inv_b,ReductionPoly),2),"=g"^gf_index(div))$

\(\displaystyle g^9/g^{13}=\frac{x^3+x}{x^3+x^2+1}=(x^3+x)*(x^2)=x^5+x^3=x^3+x^2+x=g^{11}\)

相除指令為gf_div()
(%i19) gf_div(a,b);
(%o19) \(x^3+x^2+x\)

TOP

二元橢圓曲線加密請見連結介紹,本文僅就例4、例5以\(maxima\)示範計算過程。
https://math.pro/db/attachment.p ... 04&t=1565140250

※橢圓曲線在\(F_{2^n}\)下的運算規則
例子4:在有限體\(F_{2^4}\)之下,取橢圓曲線\(y^2+xy=x^3+g^8x^2+g^2\)上的兩點\(P=(g^3,g^9)\)及\(Q=(g,g^5)\),其中\(g=(0010)\)為\(F_{2^4}\)的生成數,且不可約多項式為\(f(x)=x^4+x+1\)。若\(P+Q=R=(x_3,y_3)\),則\(R=\)?
例子5:承例子4,若\(P+P=2P=R=(x_3,y_3)\),則\(R=\)?



F[2]/(x^4+x+1) 的Galois體
(%i1) gf_set_data(2,4);
(%o1) Structure [GF-DATA]

F[2]/(x^4+x+1) 不可約多項式為x^4+x+1,元素個數16個
(%i2) [p,ReductionPoly,g,n,m]:gf_infolist();
(%o2) \(\left[2,x^4+x+1,x,16,15 \right]\)

產生g^1,g^2,...,g^15
(%i3) g:create_list(gf_exp(g,i),i,1,n-1);
(g) \(\left[x,x^2,x^3,x+1,x^2+x,x^3+x^2,x^3+x+1,x^2+1,x^3+x,x^2+x+1,x^3+x^2+x,x^3+x^2+x+1,x^3+x^2+1,x^3+1,1\right]\)

y^2+xy=x^3+ax^2+b (mod 2)(mod x^4+x+1)的橢圓曲線
(%i5)
a:g[8];
b:g[2];

(a) \(x^2+1\)
(b) \(x^2\)

分式的分子和分母係數超過2以(mod 2)化簡
(%i6)
PolyMod2(poly,PrintList):=block
([numpoly:num(poly),denompoly:denom(poly),numpolymod2,denompolymod2],
numpolymod2:polymod(numpoly,2),/*分子多項式對2同餘*/
denompolymod2:polymod(denompoly,2),/*分母多項式對2同餘*/
if denompoly=1 then/*分母為1,是多項式*/
    (if numpoly#numpolymod2 then
        (PrintList:append(PrintList,["=",poly:numpolymod2]))
    )
else
    (if numpoly#numpolymod2 or denompoly#denompolymod2 then
       (PrintList:append(PrintList,["=",poly:numpolymod2/denompolymod2]))
    ),
return([poly,PrintList])
)$


分式的分子和分母超過4次方以(mod x^4+x+1)化簡
(%i7)
PolyModGF(poly,PrintList):=block
([numpoly:num(poly),denompoly:denom(poly),numpolymodGF,denompolymodGF],
numpolymodGF:polymod(remainder(numpoly,ReductionPoly),2),/*分子多項式對x^4+x+1同餘*/
denompolymodGF:polymod(remainder(denompoly,ReductionPoly),2),/*分母多項式對x^4+x+1同餘*/
if denompoly=1 then/*分母為1,是多項式*/
   (if numpoly#numpolymodGF then
        (PrintList:append(PrintList,["=",poly:numpolymodGF]))
   )
else/*分母不為1是分式,針對分子和分母分開對x^4+x+1同餘*/
  (if numpoly#numpolymodGF or denompoly#denompolymodGF then
     (PrintList:append(PrintList,["=",poly:numpolymodGF/denompolymodGF]))
  ),
return([poly,PrintList])
)$


針對分式的分母求反元素
(%i8)
Inverse(poly,PrintList):=block
([numpoly:num(poly),denompoly:denom(poly)],
if denompoly#1 then/*分母不為1才需要計算反元素*/
  (PrintList:append(PrintList,["=(",numpoly,")(",gf_inv(denompoly),")"]),
   PrintList:append(PrintList,["=",poly:expand(numpoly*gf_inv(denompoly))]),
   [poly,PrintList]:PolyMod2(poly,PrintList),
   [poly,PrintList]:PolyModGF(poly,PrintList)
  ),
return([poly,PrintList])
)$


橢圓曲線點相加
注意:
多項式係數超過2以(mod 2)化簡
超過4次方以(mod x^4+x+1)化簡

(%i9)
PointAdd(P,Q):=block
([R:[0,0],lambda,inv_P1,PrintList],
if P=[inf,inf] then (return(Q))
else if Q=[inf,inf] then (return(P))
else if P=Q then
  (if P[1]=0 then
     (print(" P,Q兩點x座標為0,相加結果為無窮遠點"),
       return([inf,inf])
     ),
   /*計算λ=(P1^2+P2)/P1*/
   PrintList:["λ=",(x_1^2+y_1)/x_1,"=",lambda:(P[1]^2+P[2])/P[1]],
   if P[1]^2#expand(P[1]^2) then/*若P[1]超過1項,將平方展開過程列出來*/
     (PrintList:append(PrintList,["=",lambda:expand(P[1]^2+P[2])/P[1]])),
   [lambda,PrintList]:PolyMod2(lambda,PrintList),/*若係數大於2,同餘2*/
   [lambda,PrintList]:PolyModGF(lambda,PrintList),/*若超過4次方,同餘x^4+x+1*/
   [lambda,PrintList]:Inverse(lambda,PrintList),/*若λ為分式,將分母取反元素後和分子相乘*/
   apply(print,PrintList),/*將λ計算過程印出來*/
   /*計算R1=λ^2+λ+a*/
   print(x_3,"=λ"^2,"+λ+a=(",lambda,")"^2,"+(",lambda,")+(",a,")"),
   PrintList:[x_3,"=(",expand(lambda^2),")+",lambda+a,
                         "=",R[1]:expand(lambda^2)+lambda+a],
   [R[1],PrintList]:PolyMod2(R[1],PrintList),/*若係數大於2,同餘2*/
   [R[1],PrintList]:PolyModGF(R[1],PrintList),/*若超過4次方,同餘x^4+x+1*/
   apply(print,PrintList),/*將R1計算過程印出來*/
   /*計算R2=P1^2+λR1+R1*/
   print(y_3,"=",x_1^2,"+λ",x_3,"+",x_3,"=(",P[1],")"^2,"+(",lambda,")(",R[1],")+(",R[1],")"),
   PrintList:[y_3,"=(",expand(P[1]^2),")+(",expand(lambda*R[1]),")+",R[1],
                          "=",R[2]:expand(P[1]^2+lambda*R[1])+R[1]],
   [R[2],PrintList]:PolyMod2(R[2],PrintList),/*若係數大於2,同餘2*/
   [R[2],PrintList]:PolyModGF(R[2],PrintList),/*若超過4次方,同餘x^4+x+1*/
   apply(print,PrintList)/*將R2計算過程印出來*/
  )
else
  (if gf_add(P[1],Q[1])=0 then
      (print(" P,Q兩點x座標相同,相加結果為無窮遠點"),
       return([inf,inf])
      ),
   /*計算λ=(P2+Q2)/(P1+Q1)*/
   PrintList:["λ=",(y_1+y_2)/(x_1+x_2),"=",lambda:(P[2]+Q[2])/(P[1]+Q[1])],
   [lambda,PrintList]:PolyMod2(lambda,PrintList),/*若係數大於2,同餘2*/
   [lambda,PrintList]:PolyModGF(lambda,PrintList),/*若超過4次方,同餘x^4+x+1*/
   [lambda,PrintList]:Inverse(lambda,PrintList),/*若λ為分式,將分母取反元素後和分子相乘*/
   apply(print,PrintList),/*將λ計算過程印出來*/
   /*計算R1=λ^2+λ+P1+Q1+a*/
   print(x_3,"=λ"^2,"+λ+",x_1,"+",x_2,"+a=(",lambda,")"^2,"+(",lambda,")+(",P[1],")+(",Q[1],")+(",a,")"),
   PrintList:[x_3,"=(",expand(lambda^2),")+",lambda+P[1]+Q[1]+a,
                         "=",R[1]:expand(lambda^2)+lambda+P[1]+Q[1]+a],
   [R[1],PrintList]:PolyMod2(R[1],PrintList),/*若係數大於2,同餘2*/
   [R[1],PrintList]:PolyModGF(R[1],PrintList),/*若超過4次方,同餘x^4+x+1*/
   apply(print,PrintList),/*將R1計算過程印出來*/
   /*計算R2=λ(P1+R1)+R1+P2*/
   print(y_3,"=λ(",x_1,"+",x_3,")+",x_3,"+",y_1,"=(",lambda,")(",P[1]+R[1],")+(",R[1],")+(",P[2],")"),
   PrintList:[y_3,"=(",expand(lambda*(P[1]+R[1])),")+",R[1]+P[2],
                          "=",R[2]:expand(lambda*(P[1]+R[1]))+R[1]+P[2]],
   [R[2],PrintList]:PolyMod2(R[2],PrintList),/*若係數大於2,同餘2*/
   [R[2],PrintList]:PolyModGF(R[2],PrintList),/*若超過4次方,同餘x^4+x+1*/
   apply(print,PrintList)/*將R2計算過程印出來*/
   ),
print("(",x_3,",",y_3,")=(",R[1],",",R[2],")=(",if R[1]=0 then 0 else "g"^gf_index(R[1]),",",
                                                                      if R[2]=0 then 0 else "g"^gf_index(R[2]),")"),
return(R)
)$


P=(x1,y1)=(g^3,g^9)
Q=(x2,y2)=(g^1,g^5)

(%i11)
P:[g[3],g[9]];
Q:[g[1],g[5]];

(P) \(\left[x^3,x^3+x \right]\)
(Q) \(\left[x,x^2+x \right]\)

計算P+Q=R=(x3,y3)
(%i12) R:PointAdd(P,Q);
\(\displaystyle \lambda=\frac{y_2+y_1}{x_2+x_1}=\frac{x^3+x^2+2x}{x^3+x}=\frac{x^3+x^2}{x^3+x}=(x^3+x^2)(x^3+x^2)=x^6+2x^5+x^4=x^6+x^4=x^3+x^2+x+1\)
\(x_3=\lambda^2+\lambda+x_1+x_2+a=(x^3+x^2+x+1)^2+(x^3+x^2+x+1)+(x^3)+(x)+(x^2+1)\)
\(x_3=(x^6+2x^5+3x^4+4x^3+3x^2+2x+1)+2x^3+2x^2+2x+2=x^6+2x^5+3x^4+6x^3+5x^2+4x+3=x^6+x^4+x^2+1=x^3+x\)
\(y_3=\lambda(x_1+x_3)+x_3+y_1=(x^3+x^2+x+1)(2x^3+x)+(x^3+x)+(x^3+x)\)
\(y_3=(2x^6+2x^5+3x^4+3x^3+x^2+x)+2x^3+2x=2x^6+2x^5+3x^4+5x^3+x^2+3x=x^4+x^3+x^2+x=x^3+x^2+1\)
\((x_3,y_3)=(x^3+x,x^3+x^2+1)=(g^9,g^{13})\)
(R) \(\left[x^3+x,x^3+x^2+1 \right]\)

計算P+P=2P=R=(x3,y3)
(%i13) R:PointAdd(P,P);
\(\displaystyle λ=\frac{y_1+x_1^2}{x_1}=\frac{x^6+x^3+x}{x^3}=\frac{x^2+x}{x^3}=(x^2+x)(x^3+x^2+x+1)=x^5+2x^4+2x^3+2x^2+x=x^5+x=x^2\)
\(x_3=λ^2+λ+a=(x^2)^2+(x^2)+(x^2+1)\)
\(x_3=(x^4)+2x^2+1=x^4+2x^2+1=x^4+1=x\)
\(y_3=x_1^2+λx_3+x_3=(x^3)^2+(x^2)(x)+(x)\)
\(y_3=(x^6)+(x^3)+x=x^6+x^3+x=x^2+x\)
\((x_3,y_3)=(x,x^2+x)=(g,g^5)\)
(R) \(\left[x,x^2+x \right]\)

TOP

在\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)Galois體之下,點\(P=(g^3,g^9)=(x^3,x^3+x)\)是橢圓曲線\(E\):\(y^2+xy=x^3+g^8x^2+g^2\)的生成數。

\(1P=(g^3,g^9)=(x^3,x^3+x)\)
\(2P=(g^1,g^5)=(x,x^2+x)\)
\(3P=(g^9,g^{13})=(x^3+x,x^3+x^2+1)\)
\(4P=(g^8,g^2)=(x^2+1,x^2)\)
\(5P=(g^7,g^8)=(x^3+x+1,x^2+1)\)
\(6P=(1,0)=(1,0)\)
\(7P=(g^{13},g^{12})=(x^3+x^2+1,x^3+x^2+x+1)\)
\(8P=(0,g^1)=(0,x)\)
\(9P=(g^{13},g^1)=(x^3+x^2+1,x)\)
\(10P=(1,1)=(1,1)\)
\(11P=(g^7,g^{11})=(x^3+x+1,x^3+x^2+x)\)
\(12P=(g^8,1)=(x^2+1,1)\)
\(13P=(g^9,g^{10})=(x^3+x,x^2+x+1)\)
\(14P=(g^1,g^2)=(x,x^2)\)
\(15P=(g^3,g^1)=(x^3,x)\)



\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)的Galois體
(%i1) gf_set_data(2,4);
(%o1) Structure [GF-DATA]

\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)不可約多項式為\(x^4+x+1\),元素個數16個
(%i2) [p,ReductionPoly,g,n,m]:gf_infolist();
(%o2) \([2,x^4+x+1,x,16,15]\)

產生\(g^1,g^2,\ldots,g^{15}\)
(%i3) g:create_list(gf_exp(g,i),i,1,n-1);
(g) \([x,x^2,x^3,x+1,x^2+x,x^3+x^2,x^3+x+1,x^2+1,x^3+x,x^2+x+1,x^3+x^2+x,x^3+x^2+x+1,x^3+x^2+1,x^3+1,1]\)

\(y^2+xy=x^3+ax^2+b \pmod{2}\pmod{x^4+x+1}\)的橢圓曲線
(%i5)
a:g[8];
b:g[2];

(a) \(x^2+1\)
(b) \(x^2\)

橢圓曲線點相加
(%i6)
PointAdd(P,Q):=block
([R:[0,0],lambda],
if P=[inf,inf] then (return(Q))
else if Q=[inf,inf] then (return(P))
else if P=Q then
  (if P[1]=0 then
     (print(" P,Q兩點x座標為0,相加結果為無窮遠點"),
       return([inf,inf])
     ),
  lambda:gf_add(P[1],gf_div(P[2],P[1])),
  R[1]:gf_add(gf_add(gf_add(gf_mult(lambda,lambda)),lambda),a),
  R[2]:gf_add(gf_add(gf_mult(P[1],P[1]),gf_mult(lambda,R[1])),R[1])
  )
else
  (if gf_add(P[1],Q[1])=0 then
      (print(" P,Q兩點x座標相同,相加結果為無窮遠點"),
       return([inf,inf])
      ),
   lambda:gf_div(gf_add(P[2],Q[2]),gf_add(P[1],Q[1])),
   R[1]:gf_add(gf_add(gf_add(gf_add(gf_mult(lambda,lambda),lambda),P[1]),Q[1]),a),
   R[2]:gf_add(gf_add(gf_mult(lambda,gf_add(P[1],R[1])),R[1]),P[2])
  ),
return(R)
)$


生成數\(P=(g^3,g^9)\)
(%i7) P:[g[3],g[9]];
(P) \([x^3,x^3+x]\)

計算\(P,2P,3P,\ldots,15P\),結果放在\(L\)
(%i10)
L:[P]$
for k:2 thru 15 do
  (L:append(L,[PointAdd(last(L),P)])
  )$
L;

(%o10) \(\matrix{[[x^3,x^3+x],[x,x^2+x],[x^3+x,x^3+x^2+1],[x^2+1,x^2],[x^3+x+1,x^2+1],[1,0],[x^3+x^2+1,x^3+x^2+x+1], \cr
[0,x],[x^3+x^2+1,x],[1,1],[x^3+x+1,x^3+x^2+x],[x^2+1,1],[x^3+x,x^2+x+1],[x,x^2],[x^3,x]]}\)

\(P,2P,\ldots,15P\)轉換成g次方坐標
(%i11) Position:create_list(append([gf_index(L[ i ][1]),gf_index(L[ i ][2])]),i,1,length(L));
(Position) \([[3,9],[1,5],[9,13],[8,2],[7,8],[0,false],[13,12],[false,1],[13,1],[0,0],[7,11],[8,0],[9,10],[1,2],[3,1]]\)

gf_index(0)回傳false,以-1替換
(%i12) Position:subst(-1,false,Position);
(Position) \([[3,9],[1,5],[9,13],[8,2],[7,8],[0,-1],[13,12],[-1,1],[13,1],[0,0],[7,11],[8,0],[9,10],[1,2],[3,1]]\)

\(P,2P,\ldots,15P\)位置再加上標籤
(%i13) Label:create_list(append([concat(i,"P")],(Position[ i ]+[1,0])),i,1,length(Position));
(Label) \(\matrix{[[1P,4,9],[2P,2,5],[3P,10,13],[4P,9,2],[5P,8,8],[6P,1,-1],[7P,14,12],[8P,0,1],\cr
[9P,14,1],[10P,1,0],[11P,8,11],[12P,9,0],[13P,10,10],[14P,2,2],[15P,4,1]]}\)

將\(P,2P,\dots,15P\)各點坐標畫出來
(%i14)
draw2d(user_preamble="set size square; set grid;
                               set xtics ('0' -1,'1' 0,'g^1' 1,'g^2' 2,'g^3' 3,'g^4' 4,'g^5' 5,'g^6' 6,'g^7' 7,'g^8' 8,'g^9' 9,'g^{10}' 10,'g^{11}' 11,'g^{12}' 12,'g^{13}' 13,'g^{14}' 14);
                               set ytics ('0' -1,'1' 0,'g^1' 1,'g^2' 2,'g^3' 3,'g^4' 4,'g^5' 5,'g^6' 6,'g^7' 7,'g^8' 8,'g^9' 9,'g^{10}' 10,'g^{11}' 11,'g^{12}' 12,'g^{13}' 13,'g^{14}' 14);",
              grid=true,
              point_type=filled_circle,
              points(Position),
              apply(label,Label));

(%o14) [gr2d(points,label)]

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要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec2_set_curve,ec2_add
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

\(y^2+xy=x^3+ax^2+b\pmod{2}\pmod{x^4+x+1}\)的橢圓曲線
\(a=g^8=x^2+1=101_2=5_{10}\),\(b=g^2=x^2=100_2=4_{10}\)

(%i3)
[ReductionPoly,a,b]:[x^4+x+1,5,4];
ec2_set_curve(ReductionPoly,a,b);

(%o2) \([x^4+x+1,5,4]\)
(%o3) true

\(4P=[g^8,g^2]=[x^2+1,x^2]=[101_2,100_2]=[5_{10},4_{10}]\)
正確答案應為\(8P=4P+4P=[0,g^1]=[0,x]=[0_2,10_2]=[0_{10},2_{10}]\)
卻得到錯誤答案\([0,5]\)

(%i4) ec2_add([5,4],[5,4]);
(%o4) \([0,5]\)

---------------------
\(8P=4P+4P=[0,x]=[0_2,10_2]=[0_{10},2_{10}]\)計算過程為
\(\displaystyle \lambda= \frac{y_1+x_1^2}{x_1}= \frac{(x^2+1)^2+x^2}{x^2+1}=\frac{x^4+3x^2+1}{x^2+1}=\frac{x^4+x^2+1}{x^2+1}=\frac{x^2+x}{x^2+1}=( x^2+x )( x^3+x+1 ) = x^5+x^4+x^3+2x^2+x = x^5+x^4+x^3+x = x^3+x^2+x+1\)
\(x_3 =\lambda^2 +\lambda+a=( x^3+x^2+x+1 )^2 +( x^3+x^2+x+1 )+( x^2+1 )\)
\(x_3 =( x^6+2x^5+3x^4+4x^3+3x^2+2x+1 )+ x^3+2x^2+x+2 = x^6+2x^5+3x^4+5x^3+5x^2+3x+3 = x^6+x^4+x^3+x^2+x+1 = 0 \)
\(y_3 = x_1^2 +\lambda x_3 + x_3 =( x^2+1 )^2 +( x^3+x^2+x+1 )( 0 )+( 0 ) \)
\(y_3 =( x^4+2x^2+1 )+( 0 )+ 0 = x^4+2x^2+1 = x^4+1 = x \)
\(( x_3 , y_3 )=( 0 , x )=( 0 , g )\)

---------------------
開啟ec2_add副程式原始碼
檔案路徑C:\maxima-5.43.0\share\maxima\5.43.0\share\contrib\elliptic_curves\ec2.lisp

(defun ec2-add (pt qt)
  (cond
    ((null pt) qt)
    ((null qt) pt)
    ((equal pt qt) (ec2-double pt))因為pt和qt相等,由ec2-double副程式計算
    ((equal pt (ec2-neg qt)) nil)
    (t (let* ((*f2-red* *ec2-red*)
              (xp (car pt))
              (yp (cadr pt))
              (xq (car qt))
              (yq (cadr qt))
              (xpq (logxor xp xq))
              (m (f2-times (logxor yp yq) (f2-inv xpq)))
              (xx (logxor (f2-times m m) m xpq *ec2-a*))
              (yy (logxor (f2-times m (logxor xp xx)) xx yp)) )
        (list xx yy) ))))
;;
(defun ec2-double (pt)
  (cond
    ((null pt) nil)
    ((= 0 (car pt)) nil)
    (t (let* ((*f2-red* *ec2-red*)
              (x (car pt))
              (y (cadr pt))
              (x2 (f2-times x x))
              (xi (f2-inv x))
              (xx (logxor x2 (f2-times *ec2-b* (f2-times xi xi))))\(\displaystyle xx=x^2+\frac{b}{x^2}=x^2+b\cdot xi^2=0_2=0_{10}\)
              (tt (logxor x (f2-times y xi)))\(\displaystyle tt=x+\frac{y}{x}=x+y\cdot xi=1111_2=15_{10}\)
              (yy (logxor x2 (f2-times tt xx) xx)) )但計算\(tt\cdot xx=15_{10} \cdot 0_{10}=7_{10}\)不為0
        (list xx yy) ))))
---------------------
開啟f2-times副程式原始碼
檔案路徑在C:\maxima-5.43.0\share\maxima\5.43.0\src\numth.lisp

(defun f2-times (a b)
  (declare (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0)))
  (if (zerop b) (return-from f2-times 0))多加這行,當\(b=0\)時直接回傳0
  (let* ((ilen (integer-length b))
         (a1 (ash a (1- ilen)))
         (ab a1) )
    (do ((i (- ilen 2) (1- i)) (k 0))
        ((< i 0) (f2-red ab))
        (declare (fixnum i k))
      (decf k)
      (when (logbitp i b)
        (setq a1 (ash a1 k)
              ab (logxor ab a1)
              k 0 )))))

---------------------
重新執行範例程式
要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec2_set_curve,ec2_add
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

讓更正的程式碼能重新載入
(%i2) load("numth.lisp");
(%o2) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/src/numth.lisp

\(y^2+xy=x^3+ax^2+b\pmod{2}\pmod{x^4+x+1}\)的橢圓曲線
\(a=g^8=x^2+1=101_2=5_{10}\),\(b=g^2=x^2=100_2=4_{10}\)

(%i4)
[ReductionPoly,a,b]:[x^4+x+1,5,4];
ec2_set_curve(ReductionPoly,a,b);

(%o3) \([x^4+x+1,5,4]\)
(%o4) true

\(4P=[g^8,g^2]=[x^2+1,x^2]=[101_2,100_2]=[5_{10},4_{10}]\)
得到正確答案\(8P=4P+4P=[0,g^1]=[0,x]=[0_2,10_2]=[0_{10},2_{10}]\)

(%i5) ec2_add([5,4],[5,4]);
(%o5) \([0,2]\)
---------------------
結論:將numth.lisp取代原本的檔案C:\maxima-5.43.0\share\maxima\5.43.0\src\numth.lisp

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以\(maxima\)內建程式庫計算橢圓曲線加法(\(P+Q\))、兩倍(\(P+P=2P\))、畫出\(1P,2P,\ldots,15P\)散佈圖。
要注意的是\(maxima\)程式庫以十進位表示有限體\(F_{2^n}\)元素,以下列出有限體\(F_{2^4}\)各元素。
\(\left[\matrix{次方&多項式&二進位&十進位\cr
g^0&0&0&0\cr
g&x&10&2\cr
g^2&x^2&100&4\cr
g^3&x^3&1000&8\cr
g^4&x+1&11&3\cr
g^5&x^2+x&110&6\cr
g^6&x^3+x^2&1100&12\cr
g^7&x^3+x+1&1011&11\cr
g^8&x^2+1&101&5\cr
g^9&x^3+x&1010&10\cr
g^{10}&x^2+x+1&111&7\cr
g^{11}&x^3+x^2+x&1110&14\cr
g^{12}&x^3+x^2+x+1&1111&15\cr
g^{13}&x^3+x^2+1&1101&13\cr
g^{14}&x^3+1&1001&9\cr
g^{15}&1&1&1}\right]\)

※橢圓曲線在\(F_{2^n}\)下的運算規則
例子4:在有限體\(F_{2^4}\)之下,取橢圓曲線\(y^2+xy=x^3+g^8x^2+g^2\)上的兩點\(P=(g^3,g^9)\)及\(Q=(g,g^5)\),其中\(g=(0010)\)為\(F_{2^4}\)的生成數,且不可約多項式為\(f(x)=x^4+x+1\)。若\(P+Q=R=(x_3,y_3)\),則\(R=\)?
例子5:承例子4,若\(P+P=2P=R=(x_3,y_3)\),則\(R=\)?


要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec2_set_curve,ec2_point_p,ec2_add
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac

numth.lisp取代原本的檔案C:\maxima-5.43.0\share\maxima\5.43.0\src\numth.lisp
讓更正的程式碼能重新載入

(%i2) load("numth.lisp");
(%o2) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/src/numth.lisp

\(y^2+xy=x^3+ax^2+b\pmod{2}\pmod{x^4+x+1}\)的橢圓曲線
\(a=g^8=x^2+1=101_2=5_{10}\),\(b=g^2=x^2=100_2=4_{10}\)

(%i4)
[ReductionPoly,a,b]:[x^4+x+1,5,4];
ec2_set_curve(ReductionPoly,a,b);

(%o3) \([x^4+x+1,5,4]\)
(%o4) true

P,Q兩點座標
\(P=[g^3,g^9]=[x^3,x^3+x]=[1000_2,1010_2]=[8_{10},10_{10}]\)
\(Q=[g^1,g^5]=[x,x^2+x]=[10_2,110_2]=[2_{10},6_{10}]\)

(%i6)
P:[8,10];
Q:[2,6];

(P) \([8,10]\)
(Q) \([2,6]\)

檢查\(P,Q\)有沒有在橢圓曲線上
(%i8)
ec2_point_p(P);
ec2_point_p(Q);

(%o7) true
(%o8) true

計算\(P+Q\)
\(P+Q=[x^3+x,x^3+x^2+1]=[1010_2,1101_2]=[10_{10},13_{10}]\)

(%i9) ec2_add(P,Q);
(%o9) \([10,13]\)

計算\(P+P=2P\)
\(P+P=2P=[x,x^2+x]=[10_2,110_2]=[2_{10},6_{10}]\)

(%i10) ec2_add(P,P);
(%o10) \([2,6]\)

----------------------
在\(F[2]/(x^4+x+1)\)Galois體之下,點\(P=(g^3,g^9)=(x^3,x^3+x)\)是橢圓曲線\(E\):\(y^2+xy=x^3+g^8x^2+g^2\)的生成數。

\(1P=(g^3,g^9)=(x^3,x^3+x)=(1000_2,1010_2)=(8_{10},10_{10})\)
\(2P=(g^1,g^5)=(x,x^2+x)=(10_2,110_2)=(2_{10},6_{10})\)
\(3P=(g^9,g^{13})=(x^3+x,x^3+x^2+1)=(1010_2,1101_2)=(10_{10},13_{10})\)
\(4P=(g^8,g^2)=(x^2+1,x^2)=(101_2,100_2)=(5_{10},4_{10})\)
\(5P=(g^7,g^8)=(x^3+x+1,x^2+1)=(1011_2,101_2)=(11_{10},5_{10})\)
\(6P=(1,0)=(1,0)=(1_2,0_2)=(1_{10},0_{10})\)
\(7P=(g^{13},g^{12})=(x^3+x^2+1,x^3+x^2+x+1)=(1101_2,1111_2)=(13_{10},15_{10})\)
\(8P=(0,g^1)=(0,x)=(0_2,10_2)=(0_{10},2_{10})\)
\(9P=(g^{13},g^1)=(x^3+x^2+1,x)=(1101_2,10_2)=(13_{10},2_{10})\)
\(10P=(1,1)=(1,1)=(1_2,1_2)=(1_{10},1_{10})\)
\(11P=(g^7,g^{11})=(x^3+x+1,x^3+x^2+x)=(1011_2,1110_2)=(11_{10},14_{10})\)
\(12P=(g^8,1)=(x^2+1,1)=(101_2,1_2)=(5_{10},1_{10})\)
\(13P=(g^9,g^{10})=(x^3+x,x^2+x+1)=(1010_2,111_2)=(10_{10},7_{10})\)
\(14P=(g^1,g^2)=(x,x^2)=(10_2,100_2)=(2_{10},4_{10})\)
\(15P=(g^3,g^1)=(x^3,x)=(1000_2,10_2)=(8_{10},2_{10})\)



要先載入elliptic_curves.mac才能呼叫ec2_set_curve,ec2_mult
(%i1) load("elliptic_curves.mac");
(%o1) "C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/share/contrib/elliptic_curves/elliptic_curves.mac"

numth.lisp取代原本的檔案C:\maxima-5.43.0\share\maxima\5.43.0\src\numth.lisp
讓更正的程式碼能重新載入

(%i2) load("numth.lisp");
(%o2) C:/maxima-5.43.0/share/maxima/5.43.0/src/numth.lisp

\(F[2](x^4+x+1)\)的Galois體
(%i3) gf_set_data(2,4);
(%o3) Structure [GF-DATA]

\(y^2+xy=x^3+ax^2+b\pmod{2}\pmod{x^4+x+1}\)的橢圓曲線
\(a=g^8=x^2+1=101_2=5_{10}\),\(b=g^2=x^2=100_2=4_{10}\)

(%i5)
[ReductionPoly,a,b]:[x^4+x+1,5,4];
ec2_set_curve(ReductionPoly,a,b);

(%o4) \([x^4+x+1,5,4]\)
(%o5) true

\(P=[g^3,g^9]=[x^3,x^3+x]=[1000_2,1010_2]=[8_{10},10_{10}]\)
(%i6) P:[8,10];
(P) \([8,10]\)

用ec2_mult(k,P)計算\( P,2P,3P,\ldots,15P\),結果放在L
(%i7) L:makelist(ec2_mult(k,P),k,1,15);
(L) \([[8,10],[2,6],[10,13],[5,4],[11,5],[1,0],[13,15],[0,2],[13,2],[1,1],[11,14],[5,1],[10,7],[2,4],[8,2]]\)

)\( P,2P,\ldots,15P \)轉換成g次方坐標
(%i8) Position:create_list(append([gf_index(gf_n2p(L[ i ][1])),gf_index(gf_n2p(L[ i ][2]))]),i,1,length(L));
(Position) \([[3,9],[1,5],[9,13],[8,2],[7,8],[0,false],[13,12],[false,1],[13,1],[0,0],[7,11],[8,0],[9,10],[1,2],[3,1]]\)

gf_index(0)回傳false,以-1替換
(%i9) Position:subst(-1,false,Position);
(Position) \(\)

\(P,2P,\ldots,15P\)位置再加上標籤
(%i10) Label:create_list(append([concat(i,"P")],(Position[ i ]+[1,0])),i,1,length(Position));
(Label) \(\matrix{[[1P,4,9],[2P,2,5],[3P,10,13],[4P,9,2],[5P,8,8],[6P,1,-1],[7P,14,12],[8P,0,1],\cr
[9P,14,1],[10P,1,0],[11P,8,11],[12P,9,0],[13P,10,10],[14P,2,2],[15P,4,1]]}\)


(%i12)
draw2d(user_preamble="set size square; set grid;
                               set xtics ('0' -1,'1' 0,'g^1' 1,'g^2' 2,'g^3' 3,'g^4' 4,'g^5' 5,'g^6' 6,'g^7' 7,'g^8' 8,'g^9' 9,'g^{10}' 10,'g^{11}' 11,'g^{12}' 12,'g^{13}' 13,'g^{14}' 14);
                               set ytics ('0' -1,'1' 0,'g^1' 1,'g^2' 2,'g^3' 3,'g^4' 4,'g^5' 5,'g^6' 6,'g^7' 7,'g^8' 8,'g^9' 9,'g^{10}' 10,'g^{11}' 11,'g^{12}' 12,'g^{13}' 13,'g^{14}' 14);",
              grid=true,
              point_type=filled_circle,
              points(Position),
              apply(label,Label));

(%o12) [gr2d(points,label)]

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