2.n對夫婦一起跳舞,每對夫婦皆不共舞的機率為P(n)
(1)求P(n)
(2)求\( \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}P(n) \)
[提示]
就錯排\( \displaystyle n!(1-\frac{1}{1!}+\frac{1}{2!}-\frac{1}{3!}+\frac{1}{4!}-...+(-1)^n \frac{1}{n!}) \)
再除\( n! \)就是P(n)
(2)
泰勒展開式x=1代入
\( \displaystyle \frac{1}{e^x}=1-x+\frac{x^2}{2!}-\frac{x^3}{3!}+\frac{x^4}{4!}-... \)
3.\( f(t)=x^2-t \),t為正數,從\( x=a_1 \)開始,已知\( f(a_1)>0 \)
過\( (a_1,f(a_1)) \)做切線,交x軸於\( (a_2,0) \);
再過\( (a_2,f(a_2)) \)做切線,交x軸於\( (a_3,0) \);
再過\( (a_3,f(a_3)) \)做切線,交x軸於\( (a_4,0) \);
如此如此,這般這般...
(1)試證:\( \displaystyle a_{n+1}=\frac{1}{2}( a_n+\frac{t}{a_n} ) \)
(2)\( <a_n> \)為一遞減有下界數列,求\( \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}a_n \)
(這一題題目好像有瑕玼,應該要加 a_1>0 才行)
(3)試證:\( \displaystyle 0<a_{n+1}-\sqrt{t}<\frac{(a_n^2-t)^2}{8a_n t} \)
[(3)解答]
\( \displaystyle a_{n+1}-\sqrt{t}=\frac{a_n^2+t-2 \sqrt{t}a_n}{2 a_n}=\frac{(a_n-\sqrt{t})^2}{2 a_n}\times \frac{(a_n+\sqrt{t})^2}{(a_n+\sqrt{t})^2} \)
\( \displaystyle =\frac{(a_n^2-t)^2}{2 a_n(a_n+\sqrt{t})^2}<\frac{(a_n^2-t)^2}{2a_n(\sqrt{t}+\sqrt{t})^2}=\frac{(a_n-t)^2}{8a_n t} \)
5.
(1)\( \displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n}C_{2k-1}^{2n} \)
(2)\( \displaystyle \sum_{k=1}^{n}(-1)^k C_{2k-1}^{2n} \)
[解答]
(1)\( (1+x)^{2n}=C_0^{2n}\cdot x^0+C_1^{2n}\cdot x^1+C_2^{2n}\cdot x^2+C_3^{2n}\cdot x^3+...+C_{2n}^{2n}\cdot x^{2n} \)
分別用\( x=1 \),\( x=-1 \)代入得
\( 2^{2n}=C_0^{2n}+C_1^{2n}+C_2^{2n}+C_3^{2n}+...+C_{2n}^{2n} \)
\( 0=C_0^{2n}-C_1^{2n}+C_2^{2n}-C_3^{2n}+...+C_{2n}^{2n} \)
兩式相減除以2可得答案
(2)
用\( x=i \)代入得
\( (1+i)^{2n}=C_0^{2n}\cdot i^0+C_1^{2n}\cdot i^1+C_2^{2n}\cdot i^2+C_3^{2n}\cdot i^3+...+C_{2n}^{2n}\cdot i^{2n} \)
\( \displaystyle (1+i)^{2n}=\Bigg[\ \sqrt{2}\Bigg(\; cos \frac{\pi}{4}+i \cdot sin \frac{\pi}{4} \Bigg)\; \Bigg]\ ^{2n}=2^n \Bigg(\; cos \frac{n \pi}{2}+i \cdot sin \frac{n \pi}{2} \Bigg)\; \)
取虛部
\( \displaystyle 2^n \cdot sin \frac{n \pi}{2}=C_1^{2n}-C_3^{2n}+C_5^{2n}-...+(-1)^n C_{2k-1}^{2n} \)